May 12, 2025 04:41 PM
Spacetime is not a substance
https://iai.tv/articles/spacetime-is-not..._auid=2020
INTRO: What is real in our fundamental physical theories? University of Pittsburgh historian and philosopher of science, John D. Norton, argues answers lie in Einstein’s “hole argument.” Upon realizing his own argument’s error, Einstein came to emphasize a powerful method for distinguishing physical reality from mathematical redundancy: only elements of a theory that remain unchanged when we alter our mathematical descriptions correspond to real things in the world. Norton argues we also learn that the events of spacetime don’t form a “substance,” something with independent existence to other things in the world. Only by also specifying times and distances between events do we have the spacetime of our physical world... (MORE - details)
We would all do well to learn from the philosophy of the ancient Greco-Roman sceptics
https://psyche.co/ideas/these-lessons-in...tter-place
INTRO: We live in a paradoxical time: despite the proliferation of critical thinking courses in schools and universities, our public discourse has never been more dominated by inflexible certainties, tribal allegiances to dubious ‘facts’, and a profound aversion to questioning our own beliefs. In an age where certainty is currency, doubt has become a radical act.
Our social media ecosystems reward conviction, not contemplation. Politicians trumpet certainties rather than explore complexities. Even our educational institutions often teach critical thinking as a weapon to dismantle others’ arguments rather than a tool for examining our own. The skill we most desperately need is the very one we’ve neglected to cultivate: the ability to hold our own certainties in suspension.
What if doubt isn’t weakness but wisdom? What if the most intellectually courageous stance isn’t to plant your flag in the ground of conviction, but to embrace the productive discomfort of uncertainty? The ancient Greco-Romans, facing their own societal upheavals, developed sophisticated approaches to scepticism that might serve us better than our modern pretences to critical discourse.
The word ‘scepticism’ comes from the Greek skeptikos, meaning ‘enquirer’. In the ancient Greco-Roman world, there were at least four distinct approaches to scepticism, which I and my co-authors Gregory Lopez and Meredith Kunz explore in some detail in Beyond Stoicism: A Guide to the Good Life with Stoics, Skeptics, Epicureans, and Other Ancient Philosophers (2025). Let’s take a look at four representative philosophers whose way of thinking would very much be useful to us all-too-certain denizens of the 21st century... (MORE - details)
https://iai.tv/articles/spacetime-is-not..._auid=2020
INTRO: What is real in our fundamental physical theories? University of Pittsburgh historian and philosopher of science, John D. Norton, argues answers lie in Einstein’s “hole argument.” Upon realizing his own argument’s error, Einstein came to emphasize a powerful method for distinguishing physical reality from mathematical redundancy: only elements of a theory that remain unchanged when we alter our mathematical descriptions correspond to real things in the world. Norton argues we also learn that the events of spacetime don’t form a “substance,” something with independent existence to other things in the world. Only by also specifying times and distances between events do we have the spacetime of our physical world... (MORE - details)
We would all do well to learn from the philosophy of the ancient Greco-Roman sceptics
https://psyche.co/ideas/these-lessons-in...tter-place
INTRO: We live in a paradoxical time: despite the proliferation of critical thinking courses in schools and universities, our public discourse has never been more dominated by inflexible certainties, tribal allegiances to dubious ‘facts’, and a profound aversion to questioning our own beliefs. In an age where certainty is currency, doubt has become a radical act.
Our social media ecosystems reward conviction, not contemplation. Politicians trumpet certainties rather than explore complexities. Even our educational institutions often teach critical thinking as a weapon to dismantle others’ arguments rather than a tool for examining our own. The skill we most desperately need is the very one we’ve neglected to cultivate: the ability to hold our own certainties in suspension.
What if doubt isn’t weakness but wisdom? What if the most intellectually courageous stance isn’t to plant your flag in the ground of conviction, but to embrace the productive discomfort of uncertainty? The ancient Greco-Romans, facing their own societal upheavals, developed sophisticated approaches to scepticism that might serve us better than our modern pretences to critical discourse.
The word ‘scepticism’ comes from the Greek skeptikos, meaning ‘enquirer’. In the ancient Greco-Roman world, there were at least four distinct approaches to scepticism, which I and my co-authors Gregory Lopez and Meredith Kunz explore in some detail in Beyond Stoicism: A Guide to the Good Life with Stoics, Skeptics, Epicureans, and Other Ancient Philosophers (2025). Let’s take a look at four representative philosophers whose way of thinking would very much be useful to us all-too-certain denizens of the 21st century... (MORE - details)