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Hacking & anger with authority + ‘Spooky’ similarity in how brains & computers see

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Researchers discover ‘spooky’ similarity in how brains & computers see
https://releases.jhu.edu/2020/10/22/rese...uters-see/

RELEASE: The brain detects 3D shape fragments such as bumps, hollows, shafts and spheres in the beginning stages of object vision – a newly discovered strategy of natural intelligence that Johns Hopkins University researchers also found in artificial intelligence networks trained to recognize visual objects.

A new paper in Current Biology details how neurons in area V4, the first stage specific to the brain’s object vision pathway, represent 3D shape fragments, not just the 2D shapes used to study V4 for the last 40 years. The Johns Hopkins researchers then identified nearly identical responses of artificial neurons, in an early stage (layer 3) of AlexNet, an advanced computer vision network. In both natural and artificial vision, early detection of 3D shape presumably aids interpretation of solid, 3D objects in the real world.

“I was surprised to see strong, clear signals for 3D shape as early as V4,” said Ed Connor, a neuroscience professor and director of the Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute. “But I never would have guessed in a million years that you would see the same thing happening in AlexNet, which is only trained to translate 2D photographs into object labels.”

One of the long-standing challenges for artificial intelligence has been to replicate human vision. Deep (multilayer) networks like AlexNet have achieved major gains in object recognition, based on high capacity Graphical Processing Units (GPU) developed for gaming and massive training sets fed by the explosion of images and videos on the Internet. Connor and his team applied the same tests of image responses to natural and artificial neurons and discovered remarkably similar response patterns in V4 and AlexNet layer 3. What explains what Connor described as a “spooky correspondence” between the brain – a product of evolution and lifetime learning – and AlexNet – designed by computer scientists and trained to label object photographs?

AlexNet and similar deep networks were actually designed in part based on the multi-stage visual networks in the brain, Connor said. He said the close similarities they observed may point to future opportunities to leverage correlations between natural and artificial intelligence. “Artificial networks are the most promising current models for understanding the brain. Conversely, the brain is the best source of strategies for bringing artificial intelligence closer to natural intelligence,” Connor said.


Individuals may legitimize hacking when angry with system or authority
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/...102220.php

RELEASE: University of Kent research has found that when individuals feel that a system or authority is unresponsive to their demands, they are more likely to legitimise hacker activity at an organisation's expense. Individuals are more likely to experience anger when they believe that systems or authorities have overlooked pursuing justice on their behalf or listening to their demands. In turn, the study found that if the systems or authorities in question were a victim of hacking, individuals would be more likely to legitimise the hackers' disruptive actions as a way to manifest their own anger against the organisation.

With more organisations at risk to cyber security breaches, and more elements of individuals' social lives taking place online, this research is timely in highlighting how hackers are perceived by individuals seeking justice.

The research, led by Maria Heering and Dr Giovanni Travaglino at the University of Kent's School of Psychology, was carried out with British undergraduate students and participants on academic survey crowdsourcer, Prolific Academic. The participants were presented with fictional scenarios of unfair treatment from authorities, with complaints either dismissed or pursued, before they were told that hackers had defaced the authorities' websites. Participants were then asked to indicate how much they disagreed or agreed with the hackers' actions. These hackers were predominantly supported by participants perceiving them as a way to 'get back at' the systems who do not listen to their demands.

Maria Heering said: 'When individuals perceive a system as unjust, they are motivated to participate in political protest and collective action to promote social change. However, if they believe they will not have voice, they will legitimise groups and individuals who disrupt the system on their behalf. While this study explored individuals' feelings of anger, there is certainly more to be explored in this research area. For example, there might be important differences between the psychological determinations of individuals' support for humorous, relatively harmless forms of hacking, and more serious and dangerous ones.'

Their research paper '"If they don't listen to us, they deserve it": The effect of external efficacy and anger on the perceived legitimacy of hacking' is published in Group Processes & Intergroup Relations.
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