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Breathing can affect the cleansing of the brain + Choline & Alzheimer's prevention

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Breathing can affect the cleansing of the brain
https://sciencenorway.no/diseases-forskn...in/1555270

EXCERPT: Breathing rhythms affect how well spinal fluid flows in and around the brain, a new study shows. Cerebrospinal fluid plays an important role in flushing metabolic waste products from the brain. The finding may have an impact on brain diseases such as Alzheimer's. Our brains are washed by a constant flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which plays the important role of carrying away waste substances, such as harmful proteins and excess water.

The rhythm of your heart is one of the factors that affects how well this fluid flows through the brain. Now a new study shows that breathing also affects how well the spinal fluid flows. "It's not impossible that yoga breathing techniques can affect the flow of cerebrospinal fluid and promote the removal of brain wastes," says Vegard Vinje of the Simula Research Laboratory, where he is a PhD candidate.

The study was recently published in the journal Nature Scientific Reports and is part of Vinje's doctoral thesis on the topic.

Some waste substances accumulate in the brain as a result of functional brain disorders. One well-known example is amyloid beta, which accumulates as plaque when a person has Alzheimer's disease. But much remains unknown about how the brain gets rid of waste products. In 2013, however, researchers discovered that cerebrospinal fluid plays a role in cleansing the brain. The fluid flows into the brain along the small spaces around the arteries and washes away waste material through the brain tissue itself. “This really got people’s attention,” Vinje says.

How well the brain fluid flows can thus determine how efficiently waste materials are flushed away. The flow is driven by the heartbeat, among other things, because the arteries in the brain expand with each beat. In addition, previous research suggests that the flow increases as we sleep.

[...] “Although the pressure pulse cycles are dominated by heart pulsations, the velocity of the fluid is as much affected by the breath as by the heartbeat. The amount of cerebrospinal fluid volume that pulsates in and around the brain is far greater for a breathing cycle than for a heartbeat,” Vinje said. The volume that was moved during a breathing cycle was more than four times the volume moved by a heartbeat. That's because each inhalation lasts longer than each heartbeat — with around 15 inhalations per minute versus 60-70 heartbeats per minute, he explains.

Vinje explains why fewer deep breaths have a greater impact on the flow of brain fluid than faster, shallow breathing. Essentially, the longer waves that result from deep breaths can carry more volume. He compares it to ocean waves hitting the land. “Imagine a beach with rubbish. A long wave will remove garbage and clutter on a beach more efficiently than a short one,” he said. Short, choppier waves won't come as far up on the beach compared to longer waves of the same height, he explains. (MORE)



Choline supplementation may hold potential to prevent Alzheimer's
https://biodesign.asu.edu/news/follow-st...%E2%80%99s

EXCERPT: In a new study, Biodesign researchers reveal that a lifelong dietary regimen of choline holds the potential to prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). Choline is a safe and easy-to-administer nutrient that is naturally present in some foods and can be used as a dietary supplement. Lead author Ramon Velazquez and his colleagues at the ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center (NDRC) looked into whether this nutrient could alleviate the effects of Alzheimer’s.

Earlier this year, Velazquez and colleagues found transgenerational benefits of AD-like symptoms in mice whose mothers were supplemented with choline. The latest work expands this line of research by exploring the effects of choline administered in adulthood rather than in fetal mice.

The study focuses on female mice bred to develop AD-like symptoms. Given the higher prevalence of AD in human females, the study sought to establish the findings in female mice. Results showed that when these mice are given high choline in their diet throughout life, they exhibit improvements in spatial memory, compared with those receiving a normal choline regimen.

Notably, findings published in July 2019 from a group in China found benefits of lifelong choline supplementation in male mice with AD-like symptoms. “Our results nicely replicate findings by this group in females,” Velazquez says.

Intriguingly, the beneficial effects of lifelong choline supplementation reduce the activation of microglia. Microglia are specialized cells that rid the brain of deleterious debris. Although they naturally occur to keep the brain healthy, if they are overactivated, brain inflammation and neuronal death, common symptoms of AD, will occur.

The observed reductions in disease-associated microglia, which are present in various neurodegenerative diseases, offer exciting new avenues of research and suggest ways of treating a broad range of disorders, including traumatic brain injuries, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease.

The findings appear in the current issue of the journal Aging Cell.
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