Research 400 years later, astronomers finally understand Saturn’s rings

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https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/...-explained

EXCERPT: . . . That’s a lot of background, but it all provides the necessary context to understand the latest idea, which puts all of these puzzle pieces together. Instead of the rings, the moons within and interior to them, and Enceladus, there was previously a large, massive moon orbiting between Titan and Iapetus: a body named Chrysalis. Chrysalis would have had to have been comparable in mass to Iapetus, but completing a revolution around Saturn a little faster: in around 45 days. With an additional mass present in that location:

• Saturn’s moon Titan would have been driven outward,
  
• leading to increased eccentricities for Titan, Hyperion, and Iapetus, as well as potentially explaining how Iapetus gained a substantial inclination,
  
• while Saturn acquires a large axial tilt through a spin-orbit precession resonance with Neptune,
  
• all of which would have driven Saturn’s hypothetical Chrysalis inward by these interactions.

Eventually, Chrysalis would reach the limit of its ability to hold itself together: where tidal gravitational interactions from Saturn and (the much more massive than [*] itself) Titan would tear it apart. That tearing apart would create a large amount of debris: debris which would eventually re-coalesce into the modern ring system along with an additional population of moons internal to the rings. According to simulations performed by Wisdom’s team, this fate is one of three that would commonly occur for such a moon, along with ejection and a lunar collision.

Eventually, Chrysalis would reach the limit of its ability to hold itself together: where tidal gravitational interactions from Saturn and (the much more massive than itself) Titan would tear it apart. That tearing apart would create a large amount of debris: debris which would eventually re-coalesce into the modern ring system along with an additional population of moons internal to the rings. According to simulations performed by Wisdom’s team, this fate is one of three that would commonly occur for such a moon, along with ejection and a lunar collision.

If Chrysalis formed early on in Saturn’s history, it could have driven all of these processes over billions of years, leading to not only the orbital tilt of Saturn, but the relative positions, eccentricities, and obliquities of major moons Titan, Hyperion, and Iapetus. If Chrysalis were then torn apart relatively recently, no earlier than 160 million years ago, it could have given rise to the inner ring system as well as numerous moons, perhaps including Enceladus — lying substantially outside of the main rings — as well. Additional properties of the Saturnian system that were previously chalked up to coincidence, such as the gap between Rhea and Titan as well as the gap between Hyperion and Iapetus, could be explained by the presence of this one-time moon as well... (MORE - missing details)