Oct 28, 2021 09:35 PM
(This post was last modified: Oct 28, 2021 09:37 PM by C C.)
Chemists develop a fundamentally new mode of adsorption
https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/20...adsorption
SUMMARY: A research team has made a breakthrough in surface science by introducing a new active mechanism of adsorption. Such adsorption-based phenomena, in which molecules are attracted onto a solid surface, are essential for today's catalysts, energy storage and environmental remediation. The research demonstrates how artificial molecular machines grafted on surfaces can be used to recruit molecules actively onto these surfaces at very high concentrations, thereby storing significant amounts of energy... (MORE - ScienceDaily)
Virtual particles may be real particles out of phase with our reality
https://medium.com/the-infinite-universe...c7548413f7
EXCERPTS: . . . One sticky point here is that the photons exchanged in electromagnetic interactions turn out not be real particles. You can’t see them like real photons. They are virtual particles.
[...] Their interpretation as particles is dubious because, unlike real particles, their amplitudes are imaginary. They also don’t obey the correct relationship between their mass and momentum and energy. They are said to be “off mass shell”. Thus, you could just think of them as computational objects that don’t actually exist.
Unfortunately, because they are indirectly measurable, it is hard to say that they don’t exist at all. (Unlike, say, ghost particles, which are computational objects.)
In a paper I published in Physical Review D a couple years ago, I took on the concept of virtual particles. In this paper, I used the old idea that quantum theory in four dimensions of space and time can be interpreted as a classical theory in space, time, and one more dimension. When you do that, virtual particles disappear because they don’t exist in classical physics.
[...] The way you go from a 5-D classical universe to a 4-D quantum one is by averaging over the fifth dimension. When you average particle interactions together like that, virtual particles pop out as loops. Those loops actually turn out to be statistical correlations between different particle interactions that match outputs to inputs.
If you interpret the universe to be a five dimensional one, then, virtual particles are in one sense real in that they are not loops. On the other hand, they still have imaginary amplitudes if they are off mass shell.
[...] In quantum physics, we know that amplitude relates to the probability of something happening, like a particle appearing in particular location, but what do the frequency and phase mean? In classical waves, phase and frequency along with polarization relate to their orientation and configuration in space and time.
In quantum physics, rather than being orienting in time and space these waves are orienting in a space called a configuration space which contains all possible configurations of a set of fields. In standard theory, these are superimposed on one another in superposition so that you get one huge wave that contains all possible realities. These realities interfere with one another just as real waves do. Phase and frequency determine when they destroy and when they build on one another.
In the 5-D theory, these configurations are 4-D configurations that evolve stochastically (with random noise) in a fifth dimension. In this case, they are not superimposed on one another but evolve like complicated and sometimes turbulent propagating waves through the fifth dimension.
If you look at a simple 5-D wave of massive particles, as I showed in my paper, it is always “on mass shell” in five dimensions. But it is only on mass shell in four dimensions when its momentum in the fifth dimension is a constant, meaning that all its momentum minus some fixed amount is contained within a 4-D slice. (This constant might be zero, but it is one fixed, unchanging constant.) These are what appear as “real” particles to us. This may be because only those waves interfere with one another only constructively in our slice and, therefore, have persistence in our universe.
From this, it is clear that virtual particles have two main characteristics: they are not on mass shell potentially because they are out of phase with our 4-D slice of the 5-D universe and second they influence real particles through their statistical behavior.
That means that virtual particles are just as real as “real” particles. They exist within the fifth dimension as waves but because they are out of phase... (MORE - missing details)
https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/20...adsorption
SUMMARY: A research team has made a breakthrough in surface science by introducing a new active mechanism of adsorption. Such adsorption-based phenomena, in which molecules are attracted onto a solid surface, are essential for today's catalysts, energy storage and environmental remediation. The research demonstrates how artificial molecular machines grafted on surfaces can be used to recruit molecules actively onto these surfaces at very high concentrations, thereby storing significant amounts of energy... (MORE - ScienceDaily)
Virtual particles may be real particles out of phase with our reality
https://medium.com/the-infinite-universe...c7548413f7
EXCERPTS: . . . One sticky point here is that the photons exchanged in electromagnetic interactions turn out not be real particles. You can’t see them like real photons. They are virtual particles.
[...] Their interpretation as particles is dubious because, unlike real particles, their amplitudes are imaginary. They also don’t obey the correct relationship between their mass and momentum and energy. They are said to be “off mass shell”. Thus, you could just think of them as computational objects that don’t actually exist.
Unfortunately, because they are indirectly measurable, it is hard to say that they don’t exist at all. (Unlike, say, ghost particles, which are computational objects.)
In a paper I published in Physical Review D a couple years ago, I took on the concept of virtual particles. In this paper, I used the old idea that quantum theory in four dimensions of space and time can be interpreted as a classical theory in space, time, and one more dimension. When you do that, virtual particles disappear because they don’t exist in classical physics.
[...] The way you go from a 5-D classical universe to a 4-D quantum one is by averaging over the fifth dimension. When you average particle interactions together like that, virtual particles pop out as loops. Those loops actually turn out to be statistical correlations between different particle interactions that match outputs to inputs.
If you interpret the universe to be a five dimensional one, then, virtual particles are in one sense real in that they are not loops. On the other hand, they still have imaginary amplitudes if they are off mass shell.
[...] In quantum physics, we know that amplitude relates to the probability of something happening, like a particle appearing in particular location, but what do the frequency and phase mean? In classical waves, phase and frequency along with polarization relate to their orientation and configuration in space and time.
In quantum physics, rather than being orienting in time and space these waves are orienting in a space called a configuration space which contains all possible configurations of a set of fields. In standard theory, these are superimposed on one another in superposition so that you get one huge wave that contains all possible realities. These realities interfere with one another just as real waves do. Phase and frequency determine when they destroy and when they build on one another.
In the 5-D theory, these configurations are 4-D configurations that evolve stochastically (with random noise) in a fifth dimension. In this case, they are not superimposed on one another but evolve like complicated and sometimes turbulent propagating waves through the fifth dimension.
If you look at a simple 5-D wave of massive particles, as I showed in my paper, it is always “on mass shell” in five dimensions. But it is only on mass shell in four dimensions when its momentum in the fifth dimension is a constant, meaning that all its momentum minus some fixed amount is contained within a 4-D slice. (This constant might be zero, but it is one fixed, unchanging constant.) These are what appear as “real” particles to us. This may be because only those waves interfere with one another only constructively in our slice and, therefore, have persistence in our universe.
From this, it is clear that virtual particles have two main characteristics: they are not on mass shell potentially because they are out of phase with our 4-D slice of the 5-D universe and second they influence real particles through their statistical behavior.
That means that virtual particles are just as real as “real” particles. They exist within the fifth dimension as waves but because they are out of phase... (MORE - missing details)