Sep 23, 2021 02:35 AM
This mutation may explain how humans lost their tails
https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/anima...eir-tails/
EXCERPTS: . . . Proconsul, the most primitive ape that is well-known from a fossil skeleton, appeared some 20 million years ago, it had no tail at all.
[...] According to the researchers, we know of about 30 genes that are fundamental to tail development in various species. When they compared the DNA of six species of tailless apes to nine species of tailed monkeys, the scientists found a mutation shared by apes and humans but missing in monkeys.
The mutation affects a gene called TBXT, which is interestingly enough one of the first genes ever discovered more than a century ago. The mutation found by Xia is found in the middle of the TBXT gene and is virtually identical in humans and other apes.
Back in the lab, the researchers genetically engineered mice that had the TBXT mutation. Lo and behold, many embryos lacked a tail while others grew a very short, stumpy one.
“We propose that selection for the loss of the tail along the hominoid lineage was associated with an adaptive cost of potential neural tube defects and that this ancient evolutionary trade-off may thus continue to affect human health today,” the researchers wrote.
About 20 million years ago, an ancient ape was born with this mutation and reproduced significantly more thanks to it — rather than in spite of it — passing it on to offspring. Eventually, the TBXT mutation became a defining feature of the ape genome — and it’s likely not alone.
The genetically engineered mouse embryos developed a range of altered short tails. The human tailbone, however, basically looks identical across individuals, suggesting other mutations may be involved in its development... (MORE - missing details)
PAPER: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/...4.460388v1
Some animal species can survive successfully without sexual reproduction
https://portal.uni-koeln.de/en/universit...production
RELEASE: In the framework of an international research project, a team of scientists have demonstrated for the first time that asexual reproduction can be successful in the long term. The animal they studied is the beetle mite Oppiella nova.
Until now, the survival of an animal species over a geologically long period of time without sexual reproduction was considered very unlikely, if not impossible. However, the team of zoologists and evolutionary biologists from the Universities of Cologne and Göttingen as well as the University in Lausanne (Switzerland) and the University of Montpellier (France), demonstrated for the first time the so-called Meselson effect in animals in the ancient asexual beetle mite species O. nova.
The Meselson effect describes a characteristic trace in the genome of an organism that suggests purely asexual reproduction. The results have been published in PNAS.
So far, scientists have seen the great evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction in the genetic diversity produced in offspring by the encounter of two different genomes that a pair of parents can supply. In organisms with two sets of chromosomes, i.e. two copies of the genome in each of their cells, such as humans and also beetle mite species that reproduce sexually, sex ensures a constant 'mixing' of the two copies. That way, genetic diversity between different individuals is ensured, but the two copies of the genome within the same individual remain on average very similar.
However, it is also possible for asexually reproducing species, which produce genetic clones of themselves, to introduce genetic variance into their genomes and thus adapt to their environment during evolution. But (contrasting sexual species) the lack of sexual reproduction and thus 'mixing' in asexual species causes the two genome copies to independently accumulate mutations, or changes in genetic information, and become increasingly different within one individual: the two copies evolve independently of one another.
The Meselson effect describes the detection of these differences in the chromosome sets of purely asexual species. 'That may sound simple. But in practice, the Meselson effect has never been conclusively demonstrated in animals -- until now,' explained Prof. Tanja Schwander from the Department of Ecology and Evolution of the University of Lausanne.
The existence of ancient asexual animal species like O. nova are difficult for evolutionary biologists to explain because asexual reproduction seems to be very disadvantageous in the long run. Why else do almost all animal species reproduce purely sexually?
Animal species such as O. nova, which consist exclusively of females, are therefore also called 'ancient asexual scandals.' Proving that the ancient asexual scandals really do reproduce exclusively asexually, as hypothesized (and that they have been doing so for a very long time), is a very complex undertaking: According to first author of the study Dr Alexander Brandt of the University of Lausanne, 'There could be, for example, some kind of "cryptic" sexual exchange that is not known. Or not yet known. For example, very rarely a reproductive male could be produced after all -- possibly even "by accident."
Purely asexual reproduction, however, at least theoretically leaves behind a particularly characteristic trace in the genome: the Meselson effect.
For their study, the researchers collected different populations of Oppiella nova and the closely related, but sexually reproducing species Oppiella subpectinata in Germany and sequenced and analysed their genetic information. 'A Sisyphean task,' said Dr Jens Bast, Emmy Noether junior research group leader at the University of Cologne's Institute of Zoology.
'These mites are only one-fifth of a millimetre in size and difficult to identify.' In addition, analysing the genome data required computer programmes specifically designed for this purpose. Hence, Brandt, Schwander and Bast consulted the experienced soil scientist and taxonomer Dr. Christian Bluhm at the Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Patrick Tran Van, a bioinformatician specializing in evolutionary genomics as well as the soil ecologist Prof. Stefan Scheu from the University of Göttingen.
Their efforts were ultimately rewarded: they succeeded in proving the Meselson effect. 'Our results clearly show that O. nova reproduces exclusively asexually. When it comes to understanding how evolution works without sex, these beetle mites could still provide a surprise or two,' Bast concluded. The results show: the survival of a species without sexual reproduction is quite rare, but not impossible. The research team will now try to find out what makes these beetle mites so special.
https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/anima...eir-tails/
EXCERPTS: . . . Proconsul, the most primitive ape that is well-known from a fossil skeleton, appeared some 20 million years ago, it had no tail at all.
[...] According to the researchers, we know of about 30 genes that are fundamental to tail development in various species. When they compared the DNA of six species of tailless apes to nine species of tailed monkeys, the scientists found a mutation shared by apes and humans but missing in monkeys.
The mutation affects a gene called TBXT, which is interestingly enough one of the first genes ever discovered more than a century ago. The mutation found by Xia is found in the middle of the TBXT gene and is virtually identical in humans and other apes.
Back in the lab, the researchers genetically engineered mice that had the TBXT mutation. Lo and behold, many embryos lacked a tail while others grew a very short, stumpy one.
“We propose that selection for the loss of the tail along the hominoid lineage was associated with an adaptive cost of potential neural tube defects and that this ancient evolutionary trade-off may thus continue to affect human health today,” the researchers wrote.
About 20 million years ago, an ancient ape was born with this mutation and reproduced significantly more thanks to it — rather than in spite of it — passing it on to offspring. Eventually, the TBXT mutation became a defining feature of the ape genome — and it’s likely not alone.
The genetically engineered mouse embryos developed a range of altered short tails. The human tailbone, however, basically looks identical across individuals, suggesting other mutations may be involved in its development... (MORE - missing details)
PAPER: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/...4.460388v1
Some animal species can survive successfully without sexual reproduction
https://portal.uni-koeln.de/en/universit...production
RELEASE: In the framework of an international research project, a team of scientists have demonstrated for the first time that asexual reproduction can be successful in the long term. The animal they studied is the beetle mite Oppiella nova.
Until now, the survival of an animal species over a geologically long period of time without sexual reproduction was considered very unlikely, if not impossible. However, the team of zoologists and evolutionary biologists from the Universities of Cologne and Göttingen as well as the University in Lausanne (Switzerland) and the University of Montpellier (France), demonstrated for the first time the so-called Meselson effect in animals in the ancient asexual beetle mite species O. nova.
The Meselson effect describes a characteristic trace in the genome of an organism that suggests purely asexual reproduction. The results have been published in PNAS.
So far, scientists have seen the great evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction in the genetic diversity produced in offspring by the encounter of two different genomes that a pair of parents can supply. In organisms with two sets of chromosomes, i.e. two copies of the genome in each of their cells, such as humans and also beetle mite species that reproduce sexually, sex ensures a constant 'mixing' of the two copies. That way, genetic diversity between different individuals is ensured, but the two copies of the genome within the same individual remain on average very similar.
However, it is also possible for asexually reproducing species, which produce genetic clones of themselves, to introduce genetic variance into their genomes and thus adapt to their environment during evolution. But (contrasting sexual species) the lack of sexual reproduction and thus 'mixing' in asexual species causes the two genome copies to independently accumulate mutations, or changes in genetic information, and become increasingly different within one individual: the two copies evolve independently of one another.
The Meselson effect describes the detection of these differences in the chromosome sets of purely asexual species. 'That may sound simple. But in practice, the Meselson effect has never been conclusively demonstrated in animals -- until now,' explained Prof. Tanja Schwander from the Department of Ecology and Evolution of the University of Lausanne.
The existence of ancient asexual animal species like O. nova are difficult for evolutionary biologists to explain because asexual reproduction seems to be very disadvantageous in the long run. Why else do almost all animal species reproduce purely sexually?
Animal species such as O. nova, which consist exclusively of females, are therefore also called 'ancient asexual scandals.' Proving that the ancient asexual scandals really do reproduce exclusively asexually, as hypothesized (and that they have been doing so for a very long time), is a very complex undertaking: According to first author of the study Dr Alexander Brandt of the University of Lausanne, 'There could be, for example, some kind of "cryptic" sexual exchange that is not known. Or not yet known. For example, very rarely a reproductive male could be produced after all -- possibly even "by accident."
Purely asexual reproduction, however, at least theoretically leaves behind a particularly characteristic trace in the genome: the Meselson effect.
For their study, the researchers collected different populations of Oppiella nova and the closely related, but sexually reproducing species Oppiella subpectinata in Germany and sequenced and analysed their genetic information. 'A Sisyphean task,' said Dr Jens Bast, Emmy Noether junior research group leader at the University of Cologne's Institute of Zoology.
'These mites are only one-fifth of a millimetre in size and difficult to identify.' In addition, analysing the genome data required computer programmes specifically designed for this purpose. Hence, Brandt, Schwander and Bast consulted the experienced soil scientist and taxonomer Dr. Christian Bluhm at the Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Patrick Tran Van, a bioinformatician specializing in evolutionary genomics as well as the soil ecologist Prof. Stefan Scheu from the University of Göttingen.
Their efforts were ultimately rewarded: they succeeded in proving the Meselson effect. 'Our results clearly show that O. nova reproduces exclusively asexually. When it comes to understanding how evolution works without sex, these beetle mites could still provide a surprise or two,' Bast concluded. The results show: the survival of a species without sexual reproduction is quite rare, but not impossible. The research team will now try to find out what makes these beetle mites so special.