May 30, 2021 02:35 AM
(This post was last modified: May 30, 2021 02:45 AM by C C.)
Hunter-gatherers first launched violent raids at least 13,400 years ago
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/hunt...bel-sahaba
INTRO: More than 8,000 years before the rise of Egyptian civilization, hunter-gatherers went on the attack in the Nile Valley. Skeletons of adults, teens and children excavated in the 1960s at an ancient cemetery in Sudan known as Jebel Sahaba display injuries incurred in repeated skirmishes, raids or ambushes, say paleoanthropologist Isabelle Crevecoeur and her colleagues.
The site, which dates to between 13,400 and 18,600 years ago, provides the oldest known evidence of regular, small-scale conflicts among human groups, says Crevecoeur, of the University of Bordeaux in France. Although people buried at Jebel Sahaba don’t show signs of having fought in a one-time battle, they participated in an early form of sporadic warfare, the researchers conclude in Scientific Reports.
“Repeated violent episodes were probably triggered by well-recorded environmental changes” around the time people were buried at Jebel Sahaba, Crevecoeur says.
Signs of human activity declined sharply in the Nile Valley between around 126,000 and 11,700 years ago. Toward the end of that span, hunter-gatherers occupied floodplains in what’s now southern Egypt and northern Sudan. As the Ice Age waned, a fluctuating climate contributed to declines in prime fishing and hunting spots. Competition for those resources probably triggered fighting among regional groups, the researchers suspect... (MORE)
Revisiting the Pennsylvania ‘she doctor’ panic of 1869
https://undark.org/2021/05/28/wilo-she-d...c-of-1869/
EXCERPTS: . . . Though medical students were often characterized as a rather wild, roguish bunch, this type of behavior was not typically how men were expected to treat women of a similar class in public. “For any man with even a pretense of breeding to jeer, mock, perhaps even stone and spit upon women could hardly be imagined in mid-19th-century America,” according to medical historian Steven J. Peitzman.
[...] The Philadelphia “Jeering Episode,” as it came to be known, went far from unnoticed. The press was all over it ... One young man purporting to have been present at the event sent a letter to the editor of a local New Jersey newspaper attacking the very idea of women in medicine. His views reflected that of many medical men...
News of the riot spread far beyond the local papers, and opinions abounded. The New York Citizen and Round Table was bewildered by these “Wild Women determined to witness the carving and cutting of the masculine form divine.” The New York World almost sounded impressed that such a riot would occur in “Philadelphia, the dullest village in America.”
[...] Ultimately, the episode failed to scare women away from attending clinical lectures. Actually, it did the opposite. By beginning to turn the tide of public opinion in favor of the women, who were now largely seen as undeserving victims of ungentlemanly brutes and simply seeking to obtain an equal education, the riot gave the women’s movement considerable momentum.
“The conduct of the male students needs no comments further than to say that their ‘loss was our gain,’ for certainly they did lose and certainly we did gain,” Hibbard declared in her diary a few years after the incident. “If these poor fellows had sought to do us a life-long favor, they could not have done it more effectively than they did in their conduct towards us during those sessions.”
Broomall, despite this harrowing experience, went on to transform women’s health in Philadelphia ... she studied obstetrics in Paris and Vienna, then returned to accept the chief resident position at her alma mater’s women’s hospital. Before long, she was chair of obstetrics. She was one of the first doctors in the nation to institute regular prenatal and postnatal care, and she also ensured that her nurses kept up with the latest medical advances coming out of Europe. These practices, in addition to her emphasis on the use of antiseptics and cesarean sections when medically necessary, ushered in an incredibly low maternal mortality rate... (MORE - missing details)
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/hunt...bel-sahaba
INTRO: More than 8,000 years before the rise of Egyptian civilization, hunter-gatherers went on the attack in the Nile Valley. Skeletons of adults, teens and children excavated in the 1960s at an ancient cemetery in Sudan known as Jebel Sahaba display injuries incurred in repeated skirmishes, raids or ambushes, say paleoanthropologist Isabelle Crevecoeur and her colleagues.
The site, which dates to between 13,400 and 18,600 years ago, provides the oldest known evidence of regular, small-scale conflicts among human groups, says Crevecoeur, of the University of Bordeaux in France. Although people buried at Jebel Sahaba don’t show signs of having fought in a one-time battle, they participated in an early form of sporadic warfare, the researchers conclude in Scientific Reports.
“Repeated violent episodes were probably triggered by well-recorded environmental changes” around the time people were buried at Jebel Sahaba, Crevecoeur says.
Signs of human activity declined sharply in the Nile Valley between around 126,000 and 11,700 years ago. Toward the end of that span, hunter-gatherers occupied floodplains in what’s now southern Egypt and northern Sudan. As the Ice Age waned, a fluctuating climate contributed to declines in prime fishing and hunting spots. Competition for those resources probably triggered fighting among regional groups, the researchers suspect... (MORE)
Revisiting the Pennsylvania ‘she doctor’ panic of 1869
https://undark.org/2021/05/28/wilo-she-d...c-of-1869/
EXCERPTS: . . . Though medical students were often characterized as a rather wild, roguish bunch, this type of behavior was not typically how men were expected to treat women of a similar class in public. “For any man with even a pretense of breeding to jeer, mock, perhaps even stone and spit upon women could hardly be imagined in mid-19th-century America,” according to medical historian Steven J. Peitzman.
[...] The Philadelphia “Jeering Episode,” as it came to be known, went far from unnoticed. The press was all over it ... One young man purporting to have been present at the event sent a letter to the editor of a local New Jersey newspaper attacking the very idea of women in medicine. His views reflected that of many medical men...
News of the riot spread far beyond the local papers, and opinions abounded. The New York Citizen and Round Table was bewildered by these “Wild Women determined to witness the carving and cutting of the masculine form divine.” The New York World almost sounded impressed that such a riot would occur in “Philadelphia, the dullest village in America.”
[...] Ultimately, the episode failed to scare women away from attending clinical lectures. Actually, it did the opposite. By beginning to turn the tide of public opinion in favor of the women, who were now largely seen as undeserving victims of ungentlemanly brutes and simply seeking to obtain an equal education, the riot gave the women’s movement considerable momentum.
“The conduct of the male students needs no comments further than to say that their ‘loss was our gain,’ for certainly they did lose and certainly we did gain,” Hibbard declared in her diary a few years after the incident. “If these poor fellows had sought to do us a life-long favor, they could not have done it more effectively than they did in their conduct towards us during those sessions.”
Broomall, despite this harrowing experience, went on to transform women’s health in Philadelphia ... she studied obstetrics in Paris and Vienna, then returned to accept the chief resident position at her alma mater’s women’s hospital. Before long, she was chair of obstetrics. She was one of the first doctors in the nation to institute regular prenatal and postnatal care, and she also ensured that her nurses kept up with the latest medical advances coming out of Europe. These practices, in addition to her emphasis on the use of antiseptics and cesarean sections when medically necessary, ushered in an incredibly low maternal mortality rate... (MORE - missing details)